Aug 28th 2014, 21:40:18
You know, now that you ask me that I'm less sure about my reasoning. I think I once had an argument that I liked that involved the electoral college cementing the two-party system, and so I remembered that I previously liked the argument and so attempted to restate it without checking to see if I still liked it. I can see where I was going with it, but I don't think I like it as much as I used to.
The argument used to go something like this:
The electoral college, where a lot of states have winner-take-all elector selection, tends to push the field down to two choices as having multiple candidates with similar positions makes it more likely that a candidate with a differing ideology will win. So, the field gets reduced to two candidates supported by two parties, helping to cement the two party system.
I'm not sure I like that argument as much as I used to, as I said. It isn't a huge difference from first-past-the-post, and there are lots of FTTP systems multiple parties survive, even if they're often 2+ (like Canada from CCF founding to PC collapse, and the UK) rather than real multi-party democracies.
Voters aren't idiots, though. Many are undereducated about a lot of the political choices they face, sure, but not spending the time to educate yourself is a reasonable and valid choice if you don't have any expectation that your vote really matters. And, most people's votes don't actually matter (at least federally): unless you're in one of the few congressional districts that hasn't been gerrymandered to hell and back or a swing state your vote is effectively worthless. Even in cases where your vote isn't worthless, you'd have to have some expectation that there'd be a difference between the candidates on issues you care about in order for it to be worth it to vote, which isn't a given (both parties have similar stances on a lot of issues).
The two biggest things that prop up the two parties currently in power are incumbency and the media. The parties have had decades to put systems in place to help them compete electorally, they've got their own pet think-tanks to come up with policies, they've got supporters that have been born and raised saying they're Democrats and Republicans, and they've got track records that they can point at when trying to sell the public on the idea that they should be the ones in power. On top of all that, some media outlets have explicitly picked their favourite side and campaign for them relentlessly, while even the more neutral voices tend to favour horse-race style coverage that focuses strictly on winners, losers, and creating a narrative rather than on issues of substance. It is hard for an alternative party to find a way to compete in an environment like that.
I'm only scratching the surface when talking about problems as there's a lot more than that, but I honestly don't have much to say about solutions at this point. I suspect that there will be little movement towards reform until one of the two major parties collapses (and I think this is a real possibility in the coming decades) and the system completely breaks. Until there is some kind of crisis, there is absolutely no incentive for the powers that be to do anything that threatens the status quo, as the people with power tend to want to keep it.